RAGE series linked; microRNA regulation of RAGE receptors - Brave AI -> incorrect references
Grok and Google do better about presenting the actual references. Brave AI has made up references more than a few times. Just FYI - the AIs are a tool to use with caution.
This had been a draft post from October - I couldn’t find the all the references that the Brave AI listed and didn’t get back to it. This morning, I found a nice overview article about the different types of RNA by a biotech company and this post was in my overfull Drafts bin. (norgenbiotek.com/blog/exploring-diversity-rna) The company’s X.com account had liked a comment I made in a conversation with a CoV narrative supporting chemist who was intent on showing how wrong and stupid I am. So sweet and helpful, it led to finding the RNA overview article.
I have a few posts on the different types of RNA, as I was learning about them, and it is a complex topic with an alphabet soup of acronyms.
Types of Noncoding RNA -
Noncoding RNA are involved in the control or production of proteins being transcribed from gene coding DNA, which is made into messenger mRNA for transcription into proteins by ribosomes.
“Housekeeping RNA - Translation: tRNA; Splicing: snRNA; Modifications: snoRNA.”
“Regulatory (non-coding) ncRNAs - Gene Regulation and Silencing: miRNA, siRNA, piRNA; Diverse functions: tsRNA, circRNA, lncRNA.”
My comment was about antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of mango peel -
“Plant phytonutrients modulate microRNA, directly reducing inflammation in whatever direction is needed, roughly - the plant needs to respond to hot or cold, wet or dry weather conditions, without a chemist involved. It is kind of magical - but isn't magic.”
‘Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of mango peel and [Daikon] radish peel-a comparative investigation’ (Koirala, et al., 2024) (x.com/deNutrients)
Drying mango peel in a food dehydrator does leave a flavorful and mildly sweet tea ingredient. The microRNA regulatory effects by plant polyphenols and other phytonutrients seems to be the ‘magic’ of their health benefits. The plant chemicals developed over eons of time to help the plant reduce oxidative stress from whichever direction needed - no chemist needed to say “Do this! Do that!” Based on the local environment, the plant phytonutrients seem to up or down regulate as needed rather than consistently doing one tested in a lab ‘thing’. That must be so annoying for a chemist or pharmacist who expects a drug to do ‘one thing’. Invariably drugs don’t only do one thing and side effects occur.
By not trying to force ‘one thing’, the plant chemicals regulate towards less inflammation in various ways. …. so annoying! right? Or is millions and billions of years worth of chemistry worth valuing?
I did a series of three posts last autumn on the topic of AGEs - glycated proteins, and the role of RAGE receptors in inflammation or chronic degeneration.
Post 3:
Post 1:
Post 2:
microRNA regulation of RAGE receptors
Based on the provided search results, here’s a comprehensive answer:
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating the expression of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE), which are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage.
Several studies have identified specific miRNAs that target RAGE and modulate its expression:
miR-146a: This miRNA has been shown to negatively regulate RAGE expression in various cell types, including alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages (1, 2). miR-146a inhibition leads to increased RAGE expression and enhanced inflammatory responses.
miR-125b: Another study found that miR-125b targets RAGE and regulates its expression in dendritic cells (3). Overexpression of miR-125b reduces RAGE levels and inhibits inflammatory responses.
miR-21: Research suggests that miR-21 also regulates RAGE expression in lung epithelial cells (4). miR-21 overexpression decreases RAGE levels, while its inhibition increases RAGE expression and promotes lung inflammation.
These miRNAs exert their regulatory effects by binding to specific sites within the RAGE mRNA, leading to translational repression or degradation of the mRNA. Dysregulation of these miRNAs may contribute to RAGE-mediated pathologies, such as chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and disease progression.
In summary, miR-146a, miR-125b, and miR-21 are key regulators of RAGE expression, and their dysregulation may have implications for RAGE-mediated diseases. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between miRNAs and RAGE in various cellular contexts.
References:
Winden et al. (2013). Conditional overexpression of receptors for advanced glycation end-products by embryonic alveolar epithelium compromises the respiratory membrane and impairs endothelial cell differentiation. Respir Res, 14(1), 108. Winden DR, Ferguson NT, Bukey BR, Geyer AJ, Wright AJ, Jergensen ZR, Robinson AB, Stogsdill JA, Reynolds PR. Conditional over-expression of RAGE by embryonic alveolar epithelium compromises the respiratory membrane and impairs endothelial cell differentiation. Respir Res. 2013 Oct 17;14(1):108. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-108. PMID: 24134692; PMCID: PMC3853184.
Liu et al. (2013). MicroRNAs in immune response and macrophage polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2), 170-177. Liu G, Abraham E. MicroRNAs in immune response and macrophage polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013 Feb;33(2):170-7. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300068. PMID: 23325473; PMCID: PMC3549532.
Zhang et al. (2015). MicroRNA-125b regulates RAGE expression in dendritic cells and modulates inflammatory responses. J Immunol, 195(1), 344-353. ← can’t find.
Wang et al. (2018). MicroRNA-21 regulates RAGE expression in lung epithelial cells and modulates lung inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 58(3), 347-356. ← can’t find.
Note: The search results provided earlier were used to generate this answer, focusing specifically on the relationship between microRNAs and RAGE receptors.
Follow up
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation - PMC
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Maturation of microRNA is hormonally regulated by a nuclear receptor - PubMed
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Regulation of microRNA biogenesis and its crosstalk with other cellular pathways - PubMed
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Up-regulation of receptors for advanced glycation end-products by alveolar epithelium influences cytodifferentiation and causes severe lung hypoplasia - PubMed
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