Update on vitamin K2 and anticoagulant risk for hearing; it may impact gut microbiome and dysbiosis.
And Fortune Cookies!
The use of menaquinone-7 instead of CoQ10 in the mitochondrial electron transport chain takes place in Gram-negative and other particular species of bacteria, however our human mitochondria do seem to use CoQ10. Our gut microbes, beneficial butyrate producing species and Lactobacillus species do need vitamin K2. Negative, infectious species also need it and research is underway regarding developing an antibiotic that inhibits vitamin K2 metabolism…. that would take out beneficial gut species too and would have inhibiting effects on bone metabolism and prevention of soft tissue calcification.
Improving intake of vitamin K2 and heme iron might also help reduce lactic acid production by our beneficial Lactobacillus gut species as they can produce energy more efficiently with the K2 and heme than without it. Pomegranate peel would be more effective at killing negative species while supporting the growth of beneficial species.
Male infertility might also be a result of medications that inhibit vitamin K2 metabolism and also worsened brain aging. Ototoxicity in the inner ear would be related to lack of vitamin K2 to act as a cofactor for calcium binding proteins. Increased calcium excess in inner ear hair cells leading to excitotoxicity and death of the cells might be a result of vitamin K inhibition.
Kan we get by without K?
This post is a follow up to the last one:
Can our mitochondria also use menaquinone-7 instead of CoQ10? That is less clear to me from my initial reading, however I did find a more clear reason why anticoagulant, vitamin K inhibiting medications, might act as ototoxins, even if our mitochondria aren’t using K2 in their electron transport chain.
Menaquinone, also known as vitamin K2, is used in the electron transport chain by various bacterial species, particularly in Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobically respiring Gram-negative bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria, which include species like Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus, are known to utilize menaquinone in their electron transport systems. This quinone functions as an electron shuttle, facilitating the transfer of electrons between different enzymes in the membrane, which is crucial for maintaining the proton gradient necessary for ATP synthesis. (Brave AI summary; Boersch, et al., 2018; Brooijmans, et al., 2009)
Food sources of vitamin K2
The best food source of vitamin K2 is fermented soy beans - natto. Other dietary sources include chicken or beef liver, chicken prepared with the skin, eel, egg yolk, butter from grass fed cows, aged cheeses including cheddar cheese, parmesan, others, and dry-roasted mixed nuts. (Brave AI summary)
Bulk Supplements does sell vitamin K2 as a powder - that would be the way to get a one-gram dose. (bulksupplements.com) Copied from the last post - this would be the only way to buy higher dose supplementation of vitamin K2.
Capsule products are all in the microgram dosing or Life Extension has a slightly larger 45 mg “Mega K2” product - which still isn’t much compared to a gram - 45 mg would be 0.045 grams - only 4.5% of a one-gram dose.
Two hundred milligrams might be a helpful dose to start with, in case of a negative reaction.
Word-of-mouth replies about vit K2 supplements, on X.com: supplementing with vitamin K2 helped a couple people a lot, versus, taking it caused some mental effects and she didn’t like it.
Food Sources of Vitamin K
I found a standard answer regarding vitamin K and K2 - so confidently wrong. I didn't know about the importance of vitamin K2 from my RD training either:
“How do you guys get enough vitamin K2 though?”
“Hi, I'm a dietitian and Nutritional Sciences PhD student with a Master's in Food science and human nutrition.
My first question is why are you concerned about your intake of Vitamin K2, specifically?
Vitamin K1 (or phylloquinone) is primarily obtained from green leafy veggies while Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is from bacteria, more specifically in fermented cheeses (MK-4) and fermented soy products (MK-7) like natto. Vitamin K is the umbrella term for both K1 and K2. Both forms of Vitamin K are used for the same thing in the body - to make Dihydroquinone (KH2). KH2 is involved in binding calcium, and the clotting process. Basically, the form of Vitamin K (K1 vs K2) doesn't matter. All that matters is that you are consuming Vitamin K at all.
I understand you have a number of foods you can't consume due to GI symptoms, etc. Luckily, we don't need that much Vitamin K - only about 100 micrograms/day. [or maybe we need a gram/day to prevent brain aging. See the last post]
Additionally, most foods contain some amount of vitamin K. Fruit is one of the poorest sources of K, unfortunately, but almost every other food group has some. You are correct, eggs, specifically the yolk, provides about 150 micrograms of K for 2 eggs. A "hidden" source of Vitamin K is oil, especially olive, canola, and soybean oil.
Last thing I want to mention is yes, Vitamin K is important for blood clotting and bone formation. It’s not tied to Vitamin D, meaning Vitamin D can still do its job without Vitamin K, but obviously both are necessary and important.
Bottom line- Don't worry about it. Sounds like you are eating a few sources of Vitamin K, and since the form of Vitamin K matters very little, you're probably good.
Here's a great resource: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-Consumer/.
Let me know if you have any questions.” – IamKabr
Supplementing with heme or menaquinone promoted aerobic growth of lactic acid bacteria which are used in the food industry to make fermented foods like yogurt. Aerobic growth would produce less lactic acid as a waste product and might improve quality of the food being made. (Brooijmans, et al., 2009)
“Since the early seventies, [hmm...], however, observations were made that heme could induce behavior that resembles respiration in several lactic acid bacteria that included Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus species and Leuconostoc mesenteriodes. Heme stimulated the aerobic growth of these species and/or induced cytochrome formation [6-9].” […]
“Lactic acid bacteria are extensively used for the production of a diverse range of fermented foods with improved shelf-life, taste and nutritional properties [1-3]. The consumption of certain strains of lactic acid bacteria, called probiotics, may even provide health benefits by preventing or reducing disease symptoms [4,5]. Lactic acid bacteria are typically cultivated in (micro)anaerobic food-environments and have been (historically) classified as non-respiring, facultative anaerobes.” […]
“Menaquinone production by Lactococcus lactis strains has been observed, as well as, genes found that encode menaquinone biosynthesis in the sequenced genomes [10-12]. Moreover, the Lactococcus lactis respiratory chain contains a heme-dependent bd-type cytochrome, encoded by the cydABCD operon that is capable of generating a proton motive force [13,14].” […]
“Heme-induced respiration dramatically alters the phenotype of Lactococcus lactis, as it not only improves growth-efficiency but also robustness (improved stress resistance) [15,16]. The industrial relevance of these respiration-associated traits are made apparent by existing industrial and patent applications, for improved production of starter cultures [17,18].” (Brooijmans, et al., 2009)
An excess of lactic acid is part of the slide into illness and worse oxidative stress, so it would be helpful if a beneficial species was able to thrive while also producing less acidic waste. AND the research seems to have provided us with tastier yogurt or Kefir drinks. This is a food industry article: (Brooijmans, et al., 2009). If feeding yogurt cultures with more heme and menaquinone helps make tastier yogurt, then would it also help our gut health? (Probably, but the available research doesn’t seem to be looking in that direction.)
Getting more heme iron in the diet simply means eating more red meat, fish and darker cuts of poultry. Heme iron is in animal foods that would have hemoglobin in blood cells. Non-heme iron in plant foods like dark green leafy vegetables are a source of vitamin K and magnesium which is used by plants within chlorophyll in a similar way to how humans use iron containing hemoglobin. An excessive intake of heme iron is associated with illness however, so balance is needed in a diet. (Brave AI summary)
Iron is electrically active and “rust” promoting - oxidative stress in the not microscopic world can look like rusty iron. Pomegranate peel aside, the antioxidants in pomegranate peel are SO STRONG, that they can be used as an industrial strength antioxidant to prevent corrosion of steel. *My human dose recommendation for eating the inner pith, is about 1/2 teaspoon fresh or 1/4 teaspoon dried, once or a few times per day. Pomegranate peel is POTENT. The outer peel is too rich in tannins to eat as a functional food in my opinion and also, seemingly, in the opinion of my house mice who will eat a hole through the rind and then eat all of the interior, leaving the rind as an empty shell. [Wild-type mouse field testing.]
Pomegranate paper, excerpt from Table 6. Food and Industrial Applications of Pomegranate Peel:
Inhibit corrosion of steel. Green industrial potential use to inhibit corrosion of steel. (Rashid, et al, 2017)
Anti-corrosion & antibacterial/antifungal green industry use for inhibiting corrosion of steel - mechanism adsorption and capture of H+, removal of dissolved O2. (Gu, et al, 2018)
An article by Cui, et al., 2020, looks at how to maximize MK-7 production in a static culture of Bacillus subtilis bacteria, for the purpose of producing menaquinone-7 for human use. (Cui, et al., 2020)
“Moreover, we also found that oxalate decarboxylase OxdC has an important effect on electron generation and MK-7 synthesis, when the transcriptional level of NADH dehydrogenase decreases in static culture. Our results revealed that cell membrane and electron transfer are important factors in promoting MK-7 synthesis.” (Cui, et al., 2020)
Background - the medical research that I found on menaquinone (K2) role within electron transport chain is suggesting this is an area of research to follow in order to develop new antibiotics that specifically are inhibiting vitamin K metabolism in order to kill off harmful species like M. tuberculosis. (Boersch, et al., 2018 Sounds great….?
Brainiacs seem to think inhibiting major pathways in the body is a worthy goal to pursue, (Boersch, et al., 2018; Kurosu and Begari, 2010), however it always seems to go very wrong with a ripple effect of unexpected and BAD side effects. Imagine if your use of language was suddenly being inhibited so you could no longer use the letter K. You could still say a lot of things without the letter K, but problems would collect after the letter K was _noc_ed out of language function. English language would still have corner and cut and cute, but where would _angaroos be? Candidly, our culture has less of a role for the letter K than for the letter C, maybe we could get by without K… but _aren’s might complain, ;-). We would still have chimeric, but we would lose spi_e.
For fun, some fortunes from Fortune Coo_ies:
School is a building which has four walls with tomorrow inside.
Wise men ma_e more opportunities than they find.
You will be unusually successful in business.
You have a _een sense of humor and love a good time.
Your dearest wish will come true.
More coo_ie fortunes are included at the end this post - because they are fun!
Lactobacillus are species that we do want in our gut microbiome but less lactic acid being produced within our gut would be good for our health.
‘Brainiac’ - a maniac whose brain is infected with human hubris. Treatment is difficult. ;-)
“Menaquinone is essential in electron transport and ATP generation in all Gram-positive, and anaerobically respiring Gram-negative bacteria. By inhibiting menaquinone production in target organisms, bactericidal action can be achieved irrespective of the organisms' growth phase. This pathway is absent in human cells, as menaquinone is obtained only through the diet. This paper provides a succinct review of major advancements, where present, at all enzymatic steps of the biosynthetic pathway of menaquinone.” (CC by Boersch, et al., 2018)
Anticoagulant vitamin K inhibiting medications would also be inhibiting every other chemical pathway that uses vitamin K as a cofactor in some way……… those pathways include calcium binding protein function and osteocalcin.
The ototoxic effect of Warfarin might be due to it inhibiting anything that uses vitamin K, such as osteocalcin and calcium binding proteins, (Kurosu and Begari, 2010), so more than coagulation may be affected negatively.
“The drug warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist that inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase, interfering with the reduction of the epoxide and halting the cycling back to the hydroquinone intermediate, thereby interrupting the activation of blood coagulation factors [9,10,11]. Other vitamin K-dependent proteins not involved in blood-clotting, such as osteocalcin (play a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis), or matrix Gla protein (calcium-binding proteins that participate in the organization of bone tissue), may also be affected by warfarin.” (Kurosu and Begari, 2010)
Calcium binding proteins are critically important within Hair cells to help control the steady influx and outflow of electrically active calcium. If blocking vitamin K leads to uncontrolled calcium within Hair cells of the inner ear, then ototoxicity is likely. Calcium in excess within a cell leads to excitotoxicity and cell death.
Inhibiting vitamin K metabolism would also act as an ‘antibiotic’ on any of the gut microbiome species which use menaquinone-7 in their electron transport chains - it would ta_e out the Lactobacillus species which generally are considered beneficial.
“Menaquinone is essential in electron transport and ATP generation in all Gram-positive, and anaerobically respiring Gram-negative bacteria.” (CC by Boersch, et al., 2018)
Menaquinone using species include anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria which are often causes of infectious disease. The group are resistant to many antibiotics as biofilm producers, but are susceptible to cinnamon/cinnamon essential oil and other plant oils. (ScienceDirect/Gram Negative Bacteria)
The menaquinone used in the electron transport chain of two Clostridium species, Clostridium thermoautotrophicum and Clostridium thermoaceticum, was identified to be MK-7 (2-methyl-3-heptaprenyl-1,4-naphtho quinone). (Das, et al., 1989) Clostridium difficile is a cause of a type of gut dysbiosis that causes ongoing diarrhea. Pomegranat peel/extract is quite potent against C. difficile. (Sukumar and König, 2018) Fecal transplant from a healthy person has also shown efficacy against C. difficile dysbiosis.
Beneficial Butyrate-Producing Bacteria - Brave AI summary.
Based on the provided context, the focus is primarily on butyrate-producing bacteria that are Gram-positive anaerobes. However, there are some Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that can produce butyrate as well. Here are a few examples:
Bacteroides: This genus includes several species that are part of the human gut microbiota. While they are more commonly known for their role in breaking down complex carbohydrates, some species can produce butyrate as a byproduct of their metabolism.
Prevotella: This genus is also part of the human gut microbiota and can produce butyrate. Prevotella species are known for their ability to ferment a wide range of substrates, including carbohydrates and proteins.
It’s important to note that the context provided emphasizes Gram-positive bacteria like Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, and others as the primary butyrate producers. (~ 80%, Barcenilla, et al., 2000) Gram-negative bacteria are less commonly associated with butyrate production, but they can still contribute to the production of this beneficial short-chain fatty acid.
Having more butyrate producing species in the gut microbiome is associated with better health and reduced risk for infection. A large population-survey study in the Netherlands and Finland that also had a fecal sample analyzed, found a strong association between having more butyrate producing species in a patient’s gut and reduced risk for an infection occurring requiring hospitalization. (Kullberg, et al., 2024)
“We profiled gut microbiota from 10 699 participants (4248 [39·7%] from the derivation cohort and 6451 [60·3%] from the validation cohort). 602 (5·6%) participants (152 [3·6%] from the derivation cohort; 450 [7·0%] from the validation cohort) were hospitalised or died due to infections during follow-up. Gut microbiota composition of these participants differed from those without hospitalisation for infections (derivation p=0·041; validation p=0·0002). Specifically, higher relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria was associated with a reduced risk of hospitalisation for infections (derivation cohort cause-specific hazard ratio 0·75 [95% CI 0·60–0·94] per 10% increase in butyrate producers, p=0·013; validation cohort 0·86 [0·77–0·96] per 10% increase, p=0·0077). These associations remained unchanged following adjustment for demographics, lifestyle, antibiotic exposure, and comorbidities.” (Kullberg, et al., 2024)
Role of butyrate in cardiovascular disease, (Amiri, et al., 2022).
“Eighty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates fell within the XIVa cluster of gram-positive bacteria as defined by M. D. Collins et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:812–826, 1994) and A. Willems et al. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46:195–199, 1996), with the most abundant group (10 of 24 or 42%) clustering with Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium ramulus, and Roseburia cecicola. Fifty percent of the butyrate-producing isolates were net acetate consumers during growth, suggesting that they employ the butyryl coenzyme A-acetyl coenzyme A transferase pathway for butyrate production. In contrast, only 1% of the 239 non-butyrate-producing isolates consumed acetate.” (Barcenilla, et al., 2000)
Giving menaquinone inhibiting treatments to kill negative bacterial species is very likely going to kill beneficial species too, and might upset the calcium binding proteins within the inner ear and produce ototoxic side effects.
What does osteocalcin do? - Protects against age-related cognitive decline and promotes better blood sugar control.
Osteocalcin is produced by osteoblast cells, which are involved in bone building. The osteocalcin helps our bone matrix to be stronger but doesn’t directly promote formation by osteoblasts or breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts. Other signaling chemicals do that. Vitamin K2 is a critically necessary cofactor for activating osteocalcin to its functional form. (Sato, et al., 2020)
The current dietary guidance for vitamin K is based exclusively on coagulation effects, however, the osteocalcin cofactor function of MK-7 is not fulfilled by vitamin K1 or MK-4. Setting individual dietary guidelines for vitamin K1 and MK-7 is a recommendation of Sato, et al., 2020.
“Vitamin K acts as a cofactor to γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), an enzyme that catalyzes glutamic acid residues of specific proteins to γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) to form Gla-containing proteins. These proteins, also called vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11], are listed in Table 1. When intake of vitamin K is insufficient, VKDPs are not fully activated and fail to execute their specific functions.” (Sato, et al., 2020)
Protein — Function — Ref — Table 1.
Osteocalcin — Regulator of mineral deposition, [3] [… and a bunch of other stuff.]
Matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein [MGP] — Inhibition of ectopic calcification, [4] “It is particularly important in preventing aberrant calcification in cartilage and vasculature, as evidenced by the lethal calcification observed in MGP-null mice.” (Brave AI summary) Problems with MGP are seen in conditions with soft tissue calcification. (ScienceDirect, overview)
γ-carboxyglutamic acid-rich protein — Inhibition of ectopic calcification, anti-inflammatory, [5] *A calcium binding protein along with osteocalcin and Protein S. (Brave AI summary)
Periostin — Inhibition of ectopic calcification, tissue regeneration, [6] Also called: POSTN, PN, or osteoblast-specific factor OSF-2. It is an extracellular matrix protein. (Wikipedia)
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 — Cell proliferation, [7,8]
“Role in Disease: Elevated levels of GAS6 protein are associated with various disease states, including venous thromboembolic disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic renal failure, and preeclampsia.
Cancer Prognosis: GAS6 is frequently overexpressed in many cancers and has been implicated as an adverse prognostic marker.” (Brave AI summary)
Proline-rich γ-carboxy glutamyl proteins 1 and 2 — Function not well-known, [9,10] PRGP2 is involved in regulating which proteins get transcribed. (Brave AI summary)
γ-glutamyl carboxylase — γ-glutamyl carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent proteins, [11]” “γ-Glutamyl carboxylase, also known as vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the posttranslational modification of vitamin K-dependent proteins. It is primarily located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes the conversion of specific glutamate residues to γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues in these proteins. This enzyme is essential for normal hemostasis as it enables calcium binding and the attachment of procoagulants and anticoagulants to phospholipids.” (Brave AI summary)
Osteocalcin is released during our stress fear/flight/fight response, so modern stress of life might lead to an excess however a decline in osteocalcin levels is seen with aging. Osteocalcin helps with spatial learning and memory - finding our way home again or learning a new location. It promotes neurotransmitter production and reduces risk of insulin resistance. Osteocalcin is also needed for testosterone and sperm production, but the exact mechanism is not known.
Klearly, vitamin K2 is very important for our brain and reducing risk of calcium imbalance in the inner ear, or soft tissue calcification throughout the body. Inhibiting vitamin K metabolism or having a low dietary intake and gut dysbiosis, might also lead to male infertility. Kuite the konundrum.
Osteocalcin function - Brave AI summary.
Osteocalcin is a protein produced primarily by osteoblasts, the cells responsible for bone formation. Its functions are diverse and extend beyond bone health, impacting various physiological processes. Here are some key functions of osteocalcin:
Bone Mineralization: Osteocalcin is essential for the alignment of apatite crystallites parallel to collagen fibers in bone, which is crucial for bone strength and quality. However, it does not play a significant role in bone formation or resorption.
Energy Metabolism: Osteocalcin influences glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It enhances the uptake and utilization of glucose and lipids in muscles during exercise, improving exercise capacity. Additionally, it increases insulin production and secretion in pancreatic β-cells, while also enhancing insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat tissues.
Brain Development and Function: Osteocalcin is necessary for brain development and cognitive function. It affects spatial learning and memory and can prevent age-related cognitive decline. Osteocalcin levels decrease with age, which may contribute to cognitive decline in older individuals.
Reproductive Functions: Osteocalcin also plays a role in testosterone synthesis in the testes and spermatogenesis, though its specific mechanisms in these processes are not fully understood.
Acute Stress Response: Osteocalcin is involved in the acute stress response (ASR), also known as the fight-or-flight response, by stimulating its release from bone within minutes in response to stress.
Neurotransmitter Production: Osteocalcin acts in the brain to increase neurotransmitter production, which is important for cognitive function.
These functions highlight the multifaceted role of osteocalcin in maintaining overall health and homeostasis.
Menaquinone and Osteocalcin - Brave AI summary.
Menaquinone, also known as vitamin K2, plays a crucial role in bone health through its interaction with osteocalcin. Osteocalcin is a protein produced by osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. Vitamin K2 acts as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which is essential for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in osteocalcin. This carboxylation process converts osteocalcin into its active form, allowing it to bind to calcium ions and promote bone mineralization.
Studies have shown that low-dose vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) supplementation can improve osteocalcin γ-carboxylation, thereby enhancing bone quality and strength. For instance, a study involving postmenopausal women found that daily intake of at least 100 μg of menaquinone-7 was effective in improving osteocalcin γ-carboxylation. Similarly, another study on young males indicated that menaquinone-4 supplementation at 600 μg/day or more is likely important for bone health.
In summary, vitamin K2 facilitates the activation of osteocalcin, which is critical for bone mineralization and overall bone health.
More Fortune Co__ie fortunes, no Luc_y Numbers for us today though:
Good Luc_ requires the Letter _.
Discover your companion’s world. Two worlds are richer than one.
A distant relationship is beginning to loo_ more promising.
Ta_e action. The world won’t wait.
You will win success in whatever calling you adopt.
The luc_ that is ordained for you will be coveted by others.
A romantic mystery will soon add interest to your life.
Don’t hesitate. Your gut will not steer you wrong.
The fun side of a relationship begins to unfold.
It’s time to write a letter or email to one who is distant.
Everything happens for a reason.
Do something unusual tomorrow.
Your charm has inspired a secret admirer.
Ta_e a trip with a friend.
You should be able to underta_e and complete anything you desire.
A cheerful letter or message is on the way to you.
Don’t worry about the stoc_ mar_et. Your investment is good.
Contentment is just around the corner for you. Loo_ forward!
Your present plans are going to succeed if you stic_ with them.
The world will loo_ a little better with some love given by you!
You will never need to worry about a steady income.
Don’t pursue happiness - create it.
Not just live and let live… but live and HELP live.
_eep up the good wor_. You soon will be rewarded financially.
We create our fate every day we live.
Your financial life will be secure and beneficial.
The coming month shall bring you much happiness.
Now is a good time to try a new activity.
You will soon bring joy to someone.
It’s a good time to travel. Ta_e a vacation.
You will always have good luc_ in your personal affairs.
Treat yourself to a special time this coming wee_end.
Rely on your friends today to help ma_e that difficult decision.
You are imaginative in using your s_ills. Apply this next wee_.
Someone in your life needs a letter from you.
You will soon be the guest of a person you admire.
Your road to glory will be roc_y, but fulfilling.
People will find it difficult to resist your persuasive manner.
Time ma_es one wise. As_ advice from someone older than you.
Do not dwell on differences in a loved one - try to compromise.
Soon, a visitor shall delight you.
Trust others, but still _eep your eyes open.
A loved one is of utmost importance at this time.
A pleasant surprise is in store for you soon.
You have a natural grace and great consideration for others.
You will soon bring joy to someone dear to you.
You will profit soon from an investment opportunity.
You will be fortunate in the opportunities presented to you.
A good movie will inspire you to reach for the stars.
See_ out the significance of your problem at this time. Try to understand.
Nothing can _eep you from reaching your goals. Do it!
Your respect for others will be your tic_et to success.
You shouldn’t overspend at the moment. Frugality is important.
You will soon be the host of a fun-filled party.
Things are not always what they seem. It’s not that bad!
You will be the guest of a gracious host.
You will soon be receiving an important email.
_eep up the good wor_. You will soon be rewarded.
You will be spending some time in a foreign city soon.
Your path may be difficult, but will be rewarding.
Doesn’t every family have many years’ worth of Fortune Co__ie fortunes, saved in a little tub?
Bac_ground trivia - I learned how to make fortune coo_ies from scratch when I was young, with the help of my mother. She wrote the first batch of fortunes for the coo_ies but for later batches I wrote the fortunes. My school classmates got to enjoy a food demonstration and participate in trying to fold the hot crepe/pancake-like coo_ies around a fortune. Speed is critical. If the hot coo_ie cools it won’t fold, it will just brea_ — crac_ instead of folding. Put the paper fortune in the middle of the flat circle, fold it loosely in half and then bend the half circle at the middle and it will form the traditional shape, with the fortune tuc_ed inside.
Recipes - critical first step, have all your fortunes written or typed on tiny slips of paper before ba_ing the coo_ies. You have to move fast to fold them before they cool. Only ba_e a few at a time, it is a short time in the oven.: fifteenspatulas.com/fortune-cookies/; thespruceeats.com/fortune-cookie-recipe; Brave AI summary) (Recipe and fortunes in a pdf download, sync file)
Image: a Chinese Fortune Coo_ie factory - the hot crepe-like coo_ies do need to be hand-folded I thin_. Maybe a machine has been designed to fold them. I don’t _now.
Disclaimer: This information is being provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of fair use. While I am a Registered Dietitian this information is not intended to provide individualized health care guidance. Please see an individual health care provider for individual health care services.
Reference List
(Amiri, et al., 2022) Amiri, P., Hosseini, S.A., Ghaffari, S., Tutunchi, H., Ghaffari, S., Mosharkesh, E., Asghari, S., Roshanravan, N., Role of Butyrate, a Gut Microbiota Derived Metabolite, in Cardiovascular Diseases: A comprehensive narrative review, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 12, 2022, DOI=10.3389/fphar.2021.837509, ISSN=1663-9812, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.837509
(Barcenilla, et al., 2000) Barcenilla A, Pryde SE, Martin JC, Duncan SH, Stewart CS, Henderson C, Flint HJ. Phylogenetic relationships of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Apr;66(4):1654-61. doi: 10.1128/AEM.66.4.1654-1661.2000. PMID: 10742256; PMCID: PMC92037.
(Boersch, et al., 2018) M. Boersch, S. Rudrawar, G. Grant, and M. Zunk, Menaquinone biosynthesis inhibition: a review of advancements toward a new antibiotic mechanism, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence, DOI: 10.1039/C7RA12950E (Review Article) RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 5099-5105, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2018/ra/c7ra12950e
(Brooijmans, et al., 2009) Brooijmans R, Smit B, Santos F, van Riel J, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J. Heme and menaquinone induced electron transport in lactic acid bacteria. Microb Cell Fact. 2009 May 29;8:28. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-28. PMID: 19480672; PMCID: PMC2696406. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2696406/
(Das, et al., 1989) Das, A., Hugenholtz, J., Van Halbeek, H., Ljungdahl, L.G., Structure and Function of a Menaquinone Involved in Electron Transport in Membranes of Clostridium thermoautotrophicum and Clostridium thermoaceticum, J of Bacteriology, Nov. 1989, p. 5823-5829 0021-9193/89/115823-07$02.00/0 https://journals.asm.org/doi/pdf/10.1128/jb.171.11.5823-5829.1989
(Kullberg, et al., 2024) Kullberg, Robert F J et al., Association between butyrate-producing gut bacteria and the risk of infectious disease hospitalisation: results from two observational, population-based microbiome studies, The Lancet Microbe, 5(9), Sept 2024, 100864, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(24)00079-X/fulltext
(Kurosu and Begari, 2010) Kurosu M, Begari E. Vitamin K2 in electron transport system: are enzymes involved in vitamin K2 biosynthesis promising drug targets? Molecules. 2010 Mar 10;15(3):1531-53. doi: 10.3390/molecules15031531. PMID: 20335999; PMCID: PMC6257245. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6257245/
Menaquinone, an overview, sciencedirect.com, Menaquinone - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
(Sato, et al., 2020) Sato T, Inaba N, Yamashita T. MK-7 and Its Effects on Bone Quality and Strength. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 31;12(4):965. doi: 10.3390/nu12040965. PMID: 32244313; PMCID: PMC7230802. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7230802/
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Bonus Fortunes:
Others appreciate your good sense of humor today.
When opportunity _noc_s, it’s up to you to answer it.
You’ll accomplish more later if you have some fun this wee_end.
The real _indness comes from within you.
This year your highest priority will be your family.
Now is a luc_y time for you — ta_e a chance.
Your troubles will soon cease and good fortune will smile upon you.
Loo_ for a lost penny that will bring you luc_.
You will be rewarded for being a good listener. Accept the gift.
Seize from every moment its uniqueness, especially this wee_.
The near future holds a gift of contentment.
… More Bonus Fortunes - the entire collection in a document - it turned out to be 150, and a Fortune Coo_ie recipe: (sync pdf). Is life less luc_y without the _?
Another good site for Vit K info is www..k-vitamins dot com the Koncentrated K site. Lots of research info/links over many years. I have been taking it for years. A mix of K-1, K-2 (MK-4),K-2 (MK-7). A 30.5 mg total K. Still not a 1 g level.
I love your substack. It’s jam-packed with useful info we can benefit from. Thank you from the bottom of my heart!