Lack of vitamin K/K2 can be a cause of excessive bleeding and stroke risk from soft tissue calcification - and yet people tend to think of vitamin K as something to limit as a risk for coagulation.
Anti-coagulant medications, older era, are vitamin K inhibitors and people using those medications are instructed to avoid vitamin K rich foods. THAT DOES NOT MEAN THE REST OF US SHOULD AVOID VITAMIN K OR VIT K2. Vitamin K adequacy helps us to be able to clot blood and prevent severe bleeding risks, but Vitamin K DOES NOT CAUSE COAGULATION. Other factors are needed to signal coagulation.
*Here’s a draft post, it wanders a bit. I’m busy working on the squirrel coloring book. And: Breaking news - nothing says “Guilty” quite as loudly as a last-minute presidential pardon: “Biden preemptively pardons Anthony Fauci, Mark Milley and Jan. 6 committee members” (msn.com).
Note the date, pardoned between Jan. 1, 2014 and the date of the pardon.
Presidential Pardon, addition
Biden family receives a last minute Presidential Pardon from Joe Biden - specifically dating back in time through any actions taken from Jan 1, 2014, through the date of the pardon. Incidentally, things happened in Ukraine in 2014 that involved Biden family members. via (x.com/kyledcheney)
Biden family pardoned for actions taken between Jan. 1, 2014 and the date of the pardon. x.com/kyledcheney. 2014 strongly suggests that Ukraine biolabs are involved or other actions that occurred in Ukraine in 2014 involving the Biden family and Obama administration.
“Nian E Zhou ,Su Tang ,Xuelin Bian ... J Baric ,Arjun Acharya ,Joonyoung Shin ,Manish M Rathi ,Karen C Wolff ,Laura Riva ,Malina A Bakowski ,Case W McNamara ,Nicholas J Catanzaro ,Rachel L” *I got kicked off that search page, membership is available to doctors.
From that site, a 2025 publication including Y. Kawaoka is of interest:
“Next, we evaluated the replicative ability of A/dairy cattle/Texas/24-008749-001/2024 (H5N1; Cow-H5N1) and A/chicken/Ghana/AVL-76321VIR7050-39/2021 (H5N1; Chicken-H5N1), which belongs to HA clade 2.3.4.4b genotype G1 [Citation11] in ex vivo explant cultures of lactating bovine mammary gland and teat (note that both the cistern and the alveoli were included in the gland cisternal tissue of the mammary gland analyzed; Figure S1).” (Imai, et al., … Kawaoka, 2025)
The name turned up on two different papers when searched with Ralph Baric, the link is no longer available to click through. Search results surfaced this at covid19.elsevierpure.com: “lzhanova, D., Corcoran, K., Bailey, ... Y., Baric, R. S., Damania, B. & Dittmer, D. P., 7 1 2021, In: PLoS Pathogens. 17, 1 ... Chiba, S., Halfmann, P. J., Hatta, M., Maemura, T., Fan, S., Armbrust, T., Swartley, O. M., Crawford, L. T. K. & Kawaoka, Y., 1 2 2021, In: Emerging Infectious” https://covid19.elsevierpure.com/ja/persons/y-kawaoka ← Wayback Machine says it has not archived that page.
Nothing says guilty like a last-minute Presidential pardon.
Also, partial Revocation of an Executive Order at the last minute
2018 - breaking news - the area of vitamin K’s role in pregnancy is “largely unknown” - that is kind of a crime against babies and women. Why is such a large area of study “largely unknown”? Because it is largely unfunded? Or because the area of vitamin K in soft tissue calcification is a suppressed topic of research and is actively not funded?
Cholinergic dysfunction during pregnancy is a big negative for the baby, as demonstrated by snake bites in Brazil as an example group. Snake bite during pregnancy, though rare, is a ~ 37.5% risk for fetal loss or fetal or prenatal complications.
(Vos, et al., 2012) Vitamin K2 is a mitochondrial electron carrier that rescues pink1 deficiency. Vos M et al., Science. 2012 Jun 08; 336(6086):1306-1310, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1218632, PMID:22582012, https://archive.connect.h1.co/article/716897977/ “I found this article (Vos, et al., 2012) fascinating because it defines vitamin K2, which functions as an electron carrier in prokaryotes, as also functioning as an electron carrier that is required for ATP production via the electron transport chain in eukaryotic cells. A gene required for vitamin K2 synthesis (heix) is identified in Drosophila to suppress Pink1 mutants. Pink 1 and Parkin are genes involved in mitochondrial function that are mutated in Parkinson's disease. The current paper shows that vitamin K2 can rescue the defects in Pink1 mutant flies, suggesting the exciting possibility that this vitamin might also have therapeutic benefits in human diseases characterized by mitochondrial pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.” - Anthony Means, (Means A: H1 Connect Recommendation of [Vos M et al., Science 2012 336(6086:1306-1310)]. In H1 Connect, 21 Jun 2012; https://doi.org/10.3410/f.716897977.792203043)
This paper may answer or provide a guess, regarding the question of whether supplementing with more vitamin K can help our mitochondria function better (using it instead of CoQ10 in the electron transport chain) - YES, K may be converted into K2 which may then be used instead of CoQ10, potentially bypassing defects in mitochondrial dysfunction seen in Parkinson’s disease or ALS.
‘Vitamin K2 is a mitochondrial electron carrier that rescues pink1 deficiency.’
“Human UBIAD1 localizes to mitochondria and converts vitamin K1 to vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 is best known as a cofactor in blood coagulation, but in bacteria it is a membrane-bound electron carrier. Whether vitamin K2 exerts a similar carrier function in eukaryotic cells is unknown. We identified Drosophila UBIAD1/Heix as a modifier of pink1, a gene mutated in Parkinson’s disease that affects mitochondrial function. We found that vitamin K2 was necessary and sufficient to transfer electrons in Drosophila mitochondria. Heix mutants showed severe mitochondrial defects that were rescued by vitamin K2, and, similar to ubiquinone, vitamin K2 transferred electrons in Drosophila mitochondria, resulting in more efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction was rescued by vitamin K2 that serves as a mitochondrial electron carrier, helping to maintain normal ATP production.” (Vos, et al., 2012)
Brave AI gives us a lengthy summary on the PINK1 deficiency seen in Parkinson’s Disease….and never mentions how vitamin K/K2 would resolve that problem. (Brave AI summary) If the answer was learned in 2012…. then why aren’t people with Parkinson’s Disease being treated with high dose vitamin K2?
Brave AI gives us a lengthy summary on the PINK1 deficiency seen in ALS…. and never mentions how vitamin K/K2 would resolve that problem. (Brave AI summary) If the answer was learned in 2012…. then why aren’t people with ALS being treated with high dose vitamin K2?
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT IF A DOCTOR SAYS THE ANSWER IS NOT KNOWN… THE DOCTOR MAY BE THE ONE THAT DOESN’T KNOW.
Symptoms of K/K2 deficiency -
Part of the problem is that vitamin K, and avoiding it, is a well-known part of anti-coagulant treatment, however, taking vitamin K doesn’t cause coagulation in someone who isn’t in need of coagulation.
Being deficient in K is associated with bleeding too easily - coagulation not occurring when it is needed. The message of “Vitamin K bad, must avoid to prevent clotting” has become bigger, more well known, than the message “vitamin K deficiency causes bleeding too easily”. The microgram dosing we see for vitamin K has to do with the fact that we need only micrograms of it to provide the blood clotting function (when it is needed), BUT we seem to need milligrams or maybe even a gram of vitamin K2 for its cofactor roles in calcium binding proteins and other proteins to promote calcium staying in bone matrix instead of randomly causing soft tissue calcification. And how much vitamin K2 might be needed to provide mitochondrial function in Parkinson’s Disease or ALS appears to be an area needing clinical human trials to determine yet.
The game changing recommendation by one research team was that “K” and “K2” are not readily interchangeable and we ought to have a daily nutrient intake goal for each form rather than combining them as if they are the same thing. They should be treated more like thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), folate (B9), PABA (B10 *not considered an essential vitamin, gut microbes can make it for us), cobalamin (B12), betaine (TMG) and DMG.
“As vitamin K1, MK-4, and MK-7 have distinct bioactivities, their RDIs should be established based on their relative activities.” […] “These proteins, also called vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11], are listed in Table 1.” (Sato, et al., 2020)
Dose matters, and research that uses a tiny dose and finds ‘no effect’ can often set back the entire field of research… that nutrient was found ineffective!
Or was it that a teeny, tiny dose of that macronutrient was found ineffective?
Aside, an example of “Dose matters” - supplementing with DMG in progressive Multiple sclerosis showed no significant therapeutic value - no difference between the experimental group and the control group… what dose did they provide?
DMG is an amino acid - a macronutrient rather than a micronutrient - a ‘vitamin’.
Did they provide the 3-6 grams given three times per day as Chris Masterjohn, PhD has recommended? NO, they did not. The experimental dose that showed no efficacy was a measly 125 mg/day. That is only 0.125 grams of an amino acid…. it isn’t even a quarter of a gram (250 mg). It is an eighth of a gram.
“Our results demonstrate that oral DMG (125 mg/day) has no therapeutic effect upon fatigue, cognitive, and gait performance as well as disability status in MS patients. No differences between the study groups were found concerning all evaluated parameters over the study period.” (Wolfsegger, et al., 2021)
…. I’m going to sprinkle a tiny amount of pixie dust on you and that will magically make your chronic disease better. Or maybe a tiny sprinkle isn’t enough?
Medically minded people don’t seem to understand the difference between macro and micronutrients and seem to expect food to act like medicine - tiny amounts doing a job.
Tiny amounts of polyphenols and other phytonutrients can do functional things for us - Traditional Chinese Medicine are the specialists in use of medically powerful phytonutrient herbs. And vitamins and minerals tend to be needed in tiny amounts because the body can reuse them. A few conditions like pyroluria can benefit from life-long high dose supplementation due to gene differences causing lack of reuse of vitamin B6 and zinc. Gene differences are involved in the dysfunction of Parkinson’s Disease and ALS and high dose vitamin K2 would be bypassing that dysfunction by providing an alternate electron transport chain cofactor for the mitochondria that can no longer use CoQ10 due to the gene change.
Higher dose niacin would help people with schizophrenia to have more normal brain function, learned by Abram Hoffer in the 1970s…. still not standard treatment for schizophrenia though.
If the medical system wanted to help patients, it could, but if it only wants to maintain illness and promote $$$ monthly medication use, then…. it is doing that instead.
Buyer beware.
Methylation defects do seem causal in MS, with reduced methionine and elevated homocysteine being common, (meaning …this is in my future unless I supplement my individual methylation cycle defects.) (Webb and Guerau-de-Arellano, 2017) …. Dimethylglycine is the nutrient that I need to take to help bypass the tendency towards an excess of homocysteine and lack of methionine - I take grams when I’m using it, 5 grams once or a few times a day does seem helpful and helped my hair too. Taking some methionine too may also help (*but methylation cycles are complicated).
Throwing one ‘methylation cycle’ solution at a large group trial of “MS” patients would probably not show much efficacy because their individual dysfunction in methylation might vary somewhat and supplementing with the wrong thing might worsen symptoms of gene allele related methylation dysfunction rather than improve it. Diet and lifestyle can also be a cause of methylation dysfunction and all those factors would need to be individually screened and addressed in order to have an accurate clinical trial test of a supplemented ‘nutrient’. Can supplementing with a single nutrient fix methylation dysfunction related to salicylate excess? Probably not. Salicylates need to be restricted, methyl folate added, and over-acidity addressed…. (sodium bicarbonate, baking soda was found effective… in 1982, Prescott, et al., 1982) and supplements of grams of DMG might help too as it is needed to excrete salicylate.
When your doctor says “There is no known cure/treatment”… they may simply be unaware of low-cost dietary treatments. Price of sodium bicarbonate…. $10.99 for 13.5 pound, $0.05/ounce, (useful in laundry and for cleaning), Costco. If you use a half teaspoon in a glass of water a few times of day (1/2 teaspoon of a powder is ~ 2.5 grams; one ounce = 28 grams; = 11 ‘doses’ per $0.05), that 13.5-pound bag will get old before you use it all, and you should use some of in your laundry and buy more.
Doctors should not get all of the blame for the high price (and ineffectiveness) of standard medical care. The Affordable Care Act is an oxymoron which should be renamed the Unaffordable Care Act. It tried to put a cap on insurance company profits - anything over 15% profit is to be returned to the insured as a rebate or something… That attempt to cap/limit insurance company profits led to bigger bills.
If your medical bill is $10, then a 15% profit is $1.50. If your medical bill is $1000, then 15% is $150 profit for the insurance company. If your medical bill is $10,000, then they get $1500. If your medical bill is $100,000, then they get $15,000, and if you hit the $1,000,000, then they get $150,000; roughly. Do you see the problem?
A similar problem is seen in military contract spending which gives (I think) a 6% profit on the total expense - so building a McDonald’s in the desert might seem like an expensive job anyway, but if you are going to get 6% profit paid on the total expenditure… then gosh darn it, We Can Build a McDonald’s in the Desert! Who cares if it costs an arm and a leg off of Uncle Sam? Uncle Sam is giving us 6% of however much money we can manage to spend in the effort of building a McDonald’s in the desert - so let’s make it gorgeous! …and if it gets blown up, then we will just build another!
I wandered from my point… trying to cap profit by setting a percent of expenses, is not an effective way to limit spending. Instead… it is an effective way to increase costs. As the person paying ~ 20% copay… then a bill of $1,000,000 is going to be a lot worse for you than a bill of $10 (copay = $200,000 instead of $2), although most insurances have a cap on your yearly copay total - the “out-of-pocket maximum (MOOP).” The MOOP might be ~ $6,350 for the year, so you would owe $6,350 instead of $200,000 and you might think that is a good deal…. but it isn’t a good deal compared to a $2 bill… and an effective treatment.
Complicated… bottom line, the “Affordable Care Act” should be renamed the “Unaffordable Care Act”.
One hundred grams of vitamin K2 powder costs $73.96 through BulkSupplements.com. Their packaging says a serving size is 9 mg powder to provide 90 micrograms of vitamin K2. If we want a 200 mg - 1100 mg/day dose of vitamin K2, then the dose would cost ~ $0.74 per gram or per day at 1 gram per day or $0.15/day for a 200 mg dose. Tiny measuring spoons are available for purchase to get roughly the smaller dose without needing to measure it on a gram scale each day (PureBulk.com). ****However, this was a major error on my part: That product has too much dicalcium phosphate as a filler to make it safe for using that high of a dose for the purpose of decalcification goals. It would be way too much calcium and phosphorus.
A comment shared that dicalcium phosphate is poorly absorbed, only about 35%, however, it would still be lots more calcium and phosphorus than vitamin K2. Also, take vitamin K products with a meal that has fats. Vitamin K or K2 is fat soluble and better absorbed with fats. Capsule vitamin K/K2 products generally are in an oil base. I had bought some before realizing my mistake, and so I used a smaller ~ 1 gram amount per day, in my bulk Cheerful Juice mix. That would provide about 10 mg of vitamin K2 which is a lot more than the 100 micrograms that is typically recommended and available in supplements. The bulk product is 99% dicalcium phosphate and only 1% vitamin K2.
When using bulk powders as supplements, measuring spoons can be an approximate guide. A teaspoon is roughly 5 grams of a powder - varying a bit with the density of the substance (granular salt or fluffy powder?) or whether it was packed powder or loosely fluffy. Using a quality gram scale, weigh some of the powder contained in your measuring spoon to see how much roughly you would be getting for that specific powdered substance.
A spoon set for spices labeled with words ($7.43 for the set of 5 stainless steel spoons on a ring):
The search results are loaded with bleeding risk, but we may have symptoms prior to that severe a deficiency if we only need micrograms of vitamin K to promote proper coagulation but we need milligrams for calcium binding protein cofactor type functions. The following excerpt is from an article pitching the high dose vitamin K that is given to newborns. (my.clevelandclinic.org)
“The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is uncontrolled bleeding. Other symptoms can be subtle and include:
What might be the symptoms of a lack of vitamin K2 as a cofactor for calcium binding proteins?
“These are not the droids we are looking for”
While the following Brave AI results are calcium binding proteins, they aren’t all vitamin K dependent ones (which are also regulated by active 1, 25 D.
Osteocalcin is vit. K dependent [3]: “These proteins, also called vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11], are listed in Table 1.” (Sato, et al., 2020) I went into more detail on osteocalcin and the other proteins of Sato, et al’s Table1 in this post on K2/MK-7, which was a follow-up to this post.
Below, Calbindin D-28k is vitamin K dependent but parvalbumin is not, nor calmodulin, I think, (more info at Calmodulin - Molecule of the Month, pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/44.
“Calcium is the most plentiful mineral element found in your body, with phosphorous coming in second. This probably doesn't come as a surprise, since your bones are strengthened and supported by about two kilograms of calcium and phosphorous. Your body also uses a small amount of calcium, in the form of calcium ions, to perform more active duties. Calcium ions play essential roles in cell signaling, helping to control processes such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling, fertilization and cell division. Through the action of calcium pumps and several kinds of calcium binding proteins, cells keep their internal calcium levels 1000-10,000 times lower than the calcium levels in the blood. Thus when calcium is released into cells, it can interact with calcium sensing proteins and trigger different biological effects, causing a muscle to contract, releasing insulin from the pancreas, or blocking the entry of additional sperm cells once an egg has been fertilized.” - Calmodulin - Molecule of the Month, pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/44.
If cells are unable to keep the intracellular calcium 1000-10,000 times lower than in the extracellular fluid or blood plasma, then over-activity, excitotoxicity, may lead to cell death.
Vitamin-K is a fat-soluble vitamin and acts as a cofactor of the γ-glutamyl carboxylase, osteocalcin, calbindin, and the ligands of some receptor tyrosine kinases. Lack of vitamin K is associated with worse knee osteoarthritis. Osteocalcin helps us to not waste calcium in urine. One mg of vitamin K per day for three years given along with calcium and vitamin D showed benefits for reducing bone loss in the hip. Generally, a deficiency in vitamin K is not seen because gut microbes make it. A deficiency can be a cause of excessive menstrual bleeding. (ScienceDirect/vitamin K) *So excessive menstrual bleeding after injections might have involved chimeric spike causing gut dysbiosis - loss of butyrate producing species which also make vitamin K2.
Brave AI summary: Symptoms of a lack of calcium-binding proteins can vary depending on the specific protein and the affected area of the brain. Here are some symptoms associated with deficiencies in certain calcium-binding proteins:
Parvalbumin: A deficiency in parvalbumin has been linked to behavioral deficits relevant to autism core symptoms and related neural morphofunctional abnormalities. Additionally, a lack of parvalbumin can lead to complex behavioral changes, including alterations in locomotor behavior. [Info about parvalbumin - https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9138604/]
Calbindin D-28k: Mice deficient in calbindin D-28k exhibit behavioral changes similar to those seen in parvalbumin-deficient mice. These changes include alterations in locomotor behavior and other behavioral deficits.
Calmodulin: While not directly linked to specific behavioral symptoms, calmodulin plays a crucial role in calcium-dependent synaptic functioning. A deficiency can affect neurotransmitter release and synaptic functioning, potentially leading to neurological symptoms.
“As its name suggests, calmodulin is a CALcium MODULated proteIN. It is abundant in the cytoplasm of all higher cells and has been highly conserved through evolution. Calmodulin acts as an intermediary protein that senses calcium levels and relays signals to various calcium-sensitive enzymes, ion channels and other proteins. Calmodulin is a small dumbbell-shaped protein composed of two globular domains connected together by a flexible linker. Each end binds to two calcium ions.” […]
“Calmodulin's target proteins come in various shapes, sizes and sequences and are involved in a wide array of functions. For example, calcium-bound calmodulin forms a critical subunit for the regulatory enzyme phosphorylase kinase, which in turn is a regulator for glycogen breakdown. Calmodulin also binds and activates other kinases and phosphatases that play significant roles in cell signaling, ion transport and cell death.” - Calmodulin - Molecule of the Month, pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/44.
In the context of schizophrenia, alterations in calcium-binding proteins like parvalbumin and calmodulin have been observed in the cerebellum, suggesting an impact on normal calcium-dependent synaptic functioning. This can result in a range of neurological symptoms, though specific symptoms are not well-defined in the literature provided.
It’s important to note that these symptoms are often subtle and can be difficult to attribute directly to calcium-binding protein deficiencies without proper medical evaluation. (Brave AI summary)
Soft tissue calcification and blood vessel stiffening are Symptoms of a lack of vitamin K2 cofactor dependent Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid…. potentially leading to death (animal-based study).
Deficiency of Matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein (MGP) can lead to severe arterial calcification and other cardiovascular issues. MGP is a vitamin K-dependent protein that acts as a potent inhibitor of arterial calcification. In the absence of MGP, there is an increased risk of vascular calcification, which can result in arterial stiffness and reduced elasticity of blood vessels. This can contribute to cardiovascular disease, including a higher frequency of cardiovascular events such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and aortic dissection.
In mice studies, a lack of MGP has been observed to cause spontaneous and ultimately fatal calcification of arteries and cartilage. This suggests that MGP plays a critical role in controlling and limiting extraosseous calcification, meaning calcification outside of bone tissue. Therefore, a deficiency in MGP can result in abnormal calcification in soft tissues and blood vessels, leading to potentially life-threatening conditions.
~~
Vitamin K is best known for its role in preventing bleeding, and avoidance of it is a well-known ‘diet’ for people on Warfarin type anticoagulant treatment, however lack of vitamin K causes bleeding and increased intake is not a cause of blood clots in someone who is not at risk for hypercoagulation.
VITAMIN K DOES NOT CAUSE BLOOD CLOTTING, it makes it possible.
- LACK OF VITAMIN K MAY be a cause of ischemic stroke THOUGH, AS IT CAN LEAD TO SOFT TISSUE CALCIFICATION. And soft tissue calcification is strongly linked to ischemic stroke risk. (Brave AI summary)
Vitamin K2 needs to become well known as the vitamin cofactor that helps us to not have soft tissue calcification - in our inner ear, blood vessels, or pineal gland.
Role of Vitamin K2 in Preeclampsia
There is limited information specifically about the role of vitamin K2 in preeclampsia. However, studies have explored the role of vitamin K in general during pregnancy and its potential effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Here are some relevant points:
Vitamin K and Pregnancy: Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone health. While there is more research on vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) than K2 (menaquinone), both forms are important for various physiological functions.
Maternal Plasma Vitamin K: Studies have shown that vitamin K supplementation can increase maternal plasma levels of vitamin K, which can be beneficial for both the mother and the newborn.
Breast Milk Vitamin K Levels: Vitamin K supplementation can also increase vitamin K levels in breast milk, which is important for the newborn’s health, as infants are born with naturally low levels of vitamin K.
Vitamin K2 in Breast Milk: Research indicates that vitamin K2 levels in breast milk can be increased with supplementation, although the specific impact on preeclampsia is not well-documented.
Vitamin K and Coagulation Factors: Supplementation with vitamin K can improve the activation of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in newborns, which is important for their blood clotting ability.
Vitamin K and PIVKA-II: Protein-induced vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) is a sensitive marker of vitamin K deficiency. Studies have shown that vitamin K supplementation can reduce the number of newborns with elevated PIVKA-II levels.
Vitamin K and Miscarriage: While there is insufficient evidence to support a direct link between vitamin K deficiency and miscarriage, vitamin K deficiency can lead to hemorrhaging, which is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Vitamin K and Craniofacial Development: Vitamin K is essential for craniofacial development, and deficiencies can lead to maxillonasal hypoplasia in newborns, which can affect facial and orthodontic development.
While these points do not directly address the role of vitamin K2 in preeclampsia, they provide context on the importance of vitamin K during pregnancy and its potential benefits for maternal and neonatal health. Further research is needed to specifically explore the role of vitamin K2 in preeclampsia.
“The role of VK during pregnancy is largely unknown4.” (Shahrook, et al., 2018) Shahrook S, Ota E, Hanada N, Sawada K, Mori R. Vitamin K supplementation during pregnancy for improving outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 30;8(1):11459. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29616-y. PMID: 30061633; PMCID: PMC6065418. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6065418/
Disclaimer: This information is being provided for educational purposes within the guidelines of Fair Use and is not intended to provide individual health care guidance.
(Wolfsegger, et al., 2021) Wolfsegger T, Böck K, Schimetta W, von Oertzen TJ, Assar H. N,N-Dimethylglycine in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: result of a pilot double-blind, placebo, controlled randomized clinical trial. Neurol Res Pract. 2021 May 24;3(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s42466-021-00126-z. PMID: 34024278; PMCID: PMC8142643. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8142643/#_ad93_
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Thank you for all of this information that you give. It is much appreciated. I was especially pleased to see the measurements put out by your chart. As I have been trying to find out about how much 50 mg. were. I even have a small scale, but it was hard to figure out. Thankfully to you, now I have gotten the scale out and figured it all out. And will be getting the measurement spoons on Amazon. Thanks. Dorothy
Thank you for all of this information that you give. It is much appreciated. I was especially pleased to see the measurements put out by your chart. As I have been trying to find out about how much 50 mg. were. I even have a small scale, but it was hard to figure out. Thankfully to you, now I have gotten the scale out and figured it all out. And will be getting the measurement spoons on Amazon. Thanks. Dorothy